The nail plate is made up of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells. It has a nail body , a free edge , and extends deep into the dermis at the proximal end to form the nail root or nail groove. The proliferating cells in the nail root form the nail matrix , and their proliferation in the stratum basale make the nail elongate continuously blue arrows.
As the cells here approach the dorsal surface of the nail, they are displaced distally in the direction of the blue arrows , and are gradually transformed into hard keratin, causing the nail plate to lengthen and strengthen. The word proximal means situated near the point of origin or attachment—which in nail anatomy is the matrix. To that end, the proximal nail fold is a fold of skin that forms a protective barrier to keep bacteria and infection from reaching the matrix.
It forms a seal with the nail plate, protecting the matrix from harmful bacteria. Indeed, the eponychium is living skin and should never be cut. Instead, moisturize, then very gently push the eponychium back for an even, symmetrical appearance and encourage clients to keep the skin surrounding the nail consistently hydrated between appointments.
The cuticle is the layer of translucent skin that is shed from the underside of the proximal nail fold as the nail grows. This skin emerges from beneath the eponychium attached to the nail plate. Since this tissue is dead, most of it can be safely cut or filed off—and, in fact, you should!
Doing so will improve adhesion of polish and enhancements. The nail bed is the skin underneath the nail plate. It contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the fingertip.
The nail plate is the hard, keratin coating on the fingertip. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix. The root of the fingernail is also known as the germinal matrix. This portion of the nail is actually beneath the skin, behind the fingernail, and extends several millimeters into the finger. The fingernail root produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed. This portion of the nail does not have any melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells.
The edge of the germinal matrix is seen as a white, crescent shaped structure called the lunula. The nail bed is a part of the nail matrix called the sterile matrix. It extends from the edge of the germinal matrix, or lunula, to the hyponychium. The nail bed contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells. As the nail is produced by the root, it streams down along the nail bed, which adds material to the undersurface of the nail and makes it thicker.
The nail plate is the actual fingernail, composed of translucent keratin. The pink appearance of the nail comes from the blood vessels underneath the nail. The underneath surface of the nail plate has grooves along the length of the nail that help anchor it to the nail bed. The free margin or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail.
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